THIS REPORT WAS PRODUCED by the Joint Learning Network for Universal Health Coverage (JLN), an innovative community of policy-makers and practitioners from around the world engaged in practitioner-to-practitioner learning to address challenges and co-produce practical solutions to implementing reforms toward universal health coverage. For inquiries about this guide or other JLN activities, please contact the JLN Network Coordinator Team at [email protected]. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode. The content in this document may be freely used and adapted in accordance with this license, provided it is accompanied by the following attribution: Primary Care Provider Autonomy and Accountability Arrangements: A Learning Report from the JLN Foundational Reforms for Financing and Delivery of Primary Health Care (PHC) Collaborative, Copyright © 2025, Joint Learning Network for Universal Health Coverage, Results for Development (R4D). This report was funded in whole or in part by a grant from the Gates Foundation. The views expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the foundation. Product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.